Configuring Routes: Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

EIGRP (a Cisco proprietary routing protocol) is a classless, enhanced distance-vector protocol that uses the concept of Autonomous System to describe the set of contiguous routers that run the same routing protocol and share routing information. EIGRP is a routing protocol that includes the subnet mask in its route updates. EIGRP is suitable for very large networks. It has a maximum hop count of 255.

EIGRP stores data in three tables: Neighbor Table, Topology Table, and Routing Table.

Successor and Feasible Successor
A Successor is the next hop router that provides the least distance to a destination AND is guaranteed not to be a part of some routing loop. A Feasible Successor is the next hop router that is guaranteed not to be a part of some routing loop.

Configuration

1. Configure each of the router’s interfaces.

2. Configure EIGRP as the network’s routing protocol.

R1(config)#router eigrp 10
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.100.0
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0

R2(config)#router eigrp 10
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.100.0
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.200.0
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0

R3(config)#router eigrp 10
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.200.0
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.30.0

3. Optional. Use passive-interface command to prohibit interface/s from sending or receiving Hello Packets. The interface will not send or receive route information.

R3(config)#router eigrp 10
R3(config-router)#passive-interface serial 0/0

4. Use the no-auto summary command to disable summarization. EIGRP will advertise all subnets between two routers. Manual summarization may be used for lager networks.

R1(config)#int f0/0
R1(config-if)# ip summary-address eigrp 10 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0

R1(config)#router eigrp 10
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary

5. Verify configuration.
Use the following commands to check.
show ip route will show the entire routing table.
show ip route eigrp will show only eigrp entries in the routing table.
show ip eigrp neighbors will show all eigrp neighbors.
show ip eigrp topology will show entries in the eigrp topology table.

R3#show ip route
C    192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
D    192.168.10.0/24 [90/2684416] via 192.168.200.1, 00:01:09, Serial0/0
C    192.168.200.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
D    192.168.20.0/24 [90/2172416] via 192.168.200.1, 00:01:09, Serial0/0
D    192.168.100.0/24 [90/2681856] via 192.168.200.1, 00:01:09, Serial0/0

R3#show ip route eigrp
D    192.168.10.0/24 [90/2684416] via 192.168.200.1, 00:01:09, Serial0/0
D    192.168.20.0/24 [90/2172416] via 192.168.200.1, 00:01:09, Serial0/0
D    192.168.100.0/24 [90/2681856] via 192.168.200.1, 00:01:09, Serial0/0

R2#show ip eigrp neighbors
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 10
H   Address                 Interface       Hold Uptime   SRTT   RTO  Q  Seq
                                            (sec)         (ms)       Cnt Num
1   192.168.200.2           Se0/1             13 00:05:20   32   200  0  2
0   192.168.100.1           Se0/0             13 00:09:04  660  3960  0  4


R1#show ip eigrp topology

IP-EIGRP Topology Table for AS(10)/ID(192.168.100.1)

Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply,
       r - reply Status, s - sia Status

P 192.168.100.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 2169856
        via Connected, Serial0/0
P 192.168.10.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 28160
        via Connected, FastEthernet0/0
P 192.168.30.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 2684416
        via 192.168.100.2 (2684416/2172416), Serial0/0
P 192.168.20.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 2172416
        via 192.168.100.2 (2172416/28160), Serial0/0
P 192.168.200.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 2681856
        via 192.168.100.2 (2681856/2169856), Serial0/0

Configuring Routes: Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

RIP, a distance-vector routing protocol, works well in small networks. It sends the complete routing table to all active interfaces every 30 seconds. RIP uses hop count as its routing metric to determine the best path to in a network and has a maximum hop count of 15. It has an Administrative Distance of 20 while Static Routes has an AD of 1.

Three versions of RIP are:
RIPv1 uses classful routing, lacks support for Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM).
RIPv2 uses classless routing, supports Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).
RIPng an extension of RIPv2 for support of IPv6.

Configuration

1. Configure each of the router’s interfaces.

2. Configure RIP as the network’s routing protocol and add all network to be advertised.

R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.10.100


R2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.100.0
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.200.0
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0


R3(config)#router rip
R3(config-router)#net 192.168.200.0
R3(config-router)#net 192.168.30.0

3. Use passive-interface command to prevent RIP update broadcsts from being sent out a defined interface. The same interface can still receive RIP updates. (optional)

R1(config)#router rip
R3(config-router)#passive-interface serial 0/0

4. verify connection and routing configuration.

Ping Samples:

R1#ping 192.168.30.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.30.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 4/64/100 ms


R2#ping 192.168.10.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.10.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/16/36 ms

R2#ping 192.168.30.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.30.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 32/43/64 ms


R3#ping 192.168.10.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.10.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 60/64/68 ms

Routes:

R1#sh ip route
R    192.168.30.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.100.2, 00:00:23, Serial0/0
C    192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R    192.168.200.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.100.2, 00:00:23, Serial0/0
R    192.168.20.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.100.2, 00:00:23, Serial0/0
C    192.168.100.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0


R2#sh ip route
R    192.168.30.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.200.2, 00:00:23, Serial0/1
R    192.168.10.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.100.1, 00:00:21, Serial0/0
C    192.168.200.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C    192.168.20.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C    192.168.100.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0


R3#sh ip route
C    192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R    192.168.10.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:10, Serial0/0
C    192.168.200.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0
R    192.168.20.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:10, Serial0/0
R    192.168.100.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:10, Serial0/0

Configuring Network Interfaces

Step1: Edit etc/network/interfaces
e.g.:

sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 10.50.15.12
netmask 255.255.255.192.
gateway 10.50.26.1

Disable Network Manager first. Unless, your configuration will be ignored.

Step 2: Start networking

sudo /etc/init.d/networking start

Step 3: Check your network information

ifconfig

Other than editing /etc/network/interfaces, here’s another way to configure your network interface:
The following are low-level commands.

$ sudo ifconfig eth0 192.168.7.26 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.7.255 ←
$ sudo ifconfig eth0 down ←
$ sudo route add -net 192.168.7.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0 ←
$ sudo route add default gw 192.168.7.1 ←

OpenSSH Installation and Configuration

OpenSSH is a FREE version of the SSH connectivity tools that technical users of the Internet rely on. Users of telnet, rlogin, and ftp may not realize that their password is transmitted across the Internet unencrypted, but it is. OpenSSH encrypts all traffic (including passwords) to effectively eliminate eavesdropping, connection hijacking, and other attacks. Additionally, OpenSSH provides secure tunneling capabilities and several authentication methods, and supports all SSH protocol versions. [www.openssh.com]

Here’s the summary of commands on installing and configuring SSH in Ubuntu.

SSH INSTALLATION

To install OpenSSH client:

sudo apt-get install openssh-client 

(open-ssh client is installed by default)

To install OpenSSH server:

sudo apt-get install openssh-server

SSH CONFIGURATION

To test if ssh server is running:

ssh localhost
ssh user@server_ip_address

To stop ssh server:

sudo /etc/init.d/ssh stop

To start ssh server:

sudo /etc/init.d/ssh start

To restart ssh server

sudo /etc/init.d/ssh restart

CONNECT AND DISCONNECT FROM A CLIENT

To connect to a remote host:

ssh user@remote_pc's_ip_address

To disconnect from a remote host:

exit

Static Routing (Adding Routes Manually)

Static routing is a data communication concept describing one way of configuring path selection of routers in computer networks [Wikipedia]. Static Routing is achieved by manually adding routes in each router’s routing table. It is commonly used by Network Administrators preferably on small-scale networks.

To create a static route, use the following syntax:
ip route destination_network network_mask next-hop_address_or_exit_interface [administrative_distance] [permanent]

Here’s a quick tutorial on how to manually add routes to a router’s routing table. Let’s say, we want to connect two different networks through static routing: network 10.10.10.0 and network 10.10.20.0.

1. Configure each of the router’s interfaces.

R1(config)#int s0/0
R1(config-if)#ip add 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no sh

R2(config)#int s0/0
R2(config-if)#ip add 10.10.10.2 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh
R2(config-if)#clock rate 56000
R2(config)#int s0/1
R2(config-if)#ip add 10.10.20.1 255.255.255.0
R2(config-if)#no sh

R3(config)#int s0/0
R3(config-if)#ip add 10.10.20.2 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)#no sh
R3(config-if)#clock rate 56000

2. Configure static routing on each router.

R1(config)#ip route 10.10.20.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.10.2
R3(config)#ip route 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0 10.10.20.1

No static routing configuration is needed on R2 since it is connected in both networks.

3. Verify the configuration

R1#ping 10.10.20.2
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.10.20.2, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 64/65/68 ms

R3#ping 10.10.10.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.10.10.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 24/56/64 ms

R1#show ip route
     10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C       10.10.10.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
S       10.10.20.0 [1/0] via 10.10.10.2

R3#show ip route
     10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
S       10.10.10.0 [1/0] via 10.10.20.1
C       10.10.20.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0

Cisco Router Configuration Cheat Sheet

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#hostname Router_A
Router_A(config)#enable secret dhee
Router_A(config)#interface f0/0
Router_A(config-if)#ip address 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0
Router_A(config-if)#description A_Lan Connection
Router_A(config-if)#no shutdown
Router_A(config-if)#interface serial 0/0
Router_A(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.2 255.255.255.0
Router_A(config-if)#description WAN Connection to Router_A
Router_A(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router_A(config-if)#no shutdown
Router_A(config-if)#exit
Router_A(config)#line console 0
Router_A(config-line)#password dhee
Router_A(config-line)#login
Router_A(config-line)#line aux 0
Router_A(config-line)#password dhee
Router_A(config-line)#login
Router_A(config-line)#line vty 0 4
Router_A(config-line)#password dhee
Router_A(config-line)#login
Router_A(config-line)#exit
Router_A(config)#banner motd # This is Router A#
Router_A(config)#^z
Router_A#copy running-config startup-config
Destination filename[startup-config]? [Enter]
Router_A#